Why Applying to as Many Jobs as Possible can be a Mistake

Why Applying to however many Jobs as could be expected under the circumstances can be a Mistake There are two mix-ups while going after positions. One is to apply to each activity in sight, and the other is to go after different jobs inside the organization. Learning the reasons these are errors can shield a person from sitting around idly and focus on the employments that the individual truly needs. On the off chance that you would prefer not to sit around securing the correct positions, you can pursue the correct occupations to be sent to you when they become accessible. Going after Multiple Positions at the Same TimeIndividuals who go after various positions simultaneously on quest for new employment destinations will in general follow a similar example. Since they are flooding the activity sites with different applications, they are not setting aside the effort to individualize requests for employment to show that they are able to fill specific occupations. This is the motivation behind why the individuals who convey different applications infrequently hear once again from selection representatives. It is smarter to require some investment to investigate the organization and adjust an employment form to fit the portrayal of the position.Focus on Particular JobsThe reason for a resume is to offer the gifts of a specialist to an organization. The resume should show that the candidate has the certifications to make a specific showing and would be a solid match in the position and with the organization. An applicant whose resume is too nonexclusive will in all probability have their resume end up in the base of the pile.Be Careful Where You Are ApplyingHiring supervisors or selection representatives may post work advertisements on numerous destinations searching for the correct counterpart for an occupation. One slip-up work candidates can make isn't seeing that they are going after a similar job with a similar organization again and again. Nonetheless, the selection representative does see and may feel that the activity candidate is conveying different r esumes with no discretion.Don’t Apply for Nonexistent JobsSome individuals wrongly apply for employments at an organization where none are accessible. In the wake of conveying perhaps many applications, it ought to be amazing when no reactions are imminent. Apply just to genuine employment opportunities where the organization is effectively hoping to fill a position.Applying for Multiple Jobs at the Same CompanyThis can be a serious mix-up. Scouts consider the to be ridiculously in, and a person who goes after various jobs inside a similar organization can seem to be edgy and ready to take any activity. Going after positions along these lines can wind up with the selection representative taking note of your franticness on your application document. As such, this is a decent method to never get brought in for a meeting. Selection representatives need people who really need specific employments since they are bound to remain in the position.How to Apply for Multiple Jobs at the Same CompanyIf a vocation searcher has an eye to work for a specific organization, there are approaches to send numerous application, constrained to a few, and still be thought of, yet it takes artfulness to do as such. The size of the organization can have any kind of effect. An enormous organization may utilize different spotters, and that can build the chances that a similar individual won't detect numerous applications from a similar individual. Moreover, concentrating just on employments that are in a similar classification and for which an individual is completely qualified can make a difference.Getting Your Name Out ThereBesides telling your companions and associates that you are work chasing, it can likewise be a smart thought to utilize internet based life, for example, Facebook or LinkedIn to advance yourself. Numerous scouts currently investigate a vocation applicant’s LinkedIn profile since it can contain considerably more occupation data and history than a resum e. Regardless of what an individual’s field of work is, utilizing quest for new employment destinations or a pursuit of employment administration can be upgraded by utilizing social media.Applying for an occupation and getting a callback for a meeting takes commitment and concentrating on abilities and accreditations that apply to specific sets of responsibilities. Similarly as realizing how to find considered for a line of work is significant, so is utilizing the correct way to secure that position. TheJobNetwork can help via looking through occupation postings that coordinate your aptitudes and ability to send you email alarms nonstop that may intrigue you. You should simply round out your capabilities and occupation interests and TheJobNetwork wraps up. Join with TheJobNetwork and begin now.

Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Catalase Activity in a Potato

Impact of Temperature ( C ? ) on Enzyme Catalase Activity in potato Aim: To examine the Effect of temperature (10, 37, 60) Celsius (C ? ) on compound catalase action in potato utilizing 2% of hydrogen peroxide (H202) as the substrate estimating the stature (cm) of oxygen gas (bubbles) and ascertaining the volume of oxygen bubbles delivered (cm3) Introduction: Enzymes are natural impetuses that accelerate metabolic responses without being influenced. They bring down the initiation vitality expected to begin a response. Chemicals are influenced by a few components including PH, Substrate focus; Temperature and other factors.Each catalyst has an ideal temperature at which its action is the most noteworthy, underneath this ideal temp, the dynamic vitality of atoms decline , along these lines the crashes between the dynamic site of the compound and substrate diminishes , therefore the protein action will diminish , so diminishing the pace of the response If the temp. Surpasses the ideal t emp. The dynamic vitality between atoms increment hence crashes increment prompting the adjustment in the tertiary structure of the catalyst and for this situation dynamic site is lost and the chemicals will be denatured so the response will back off &stops.Catalase is a protein, discovered fundamentally in every single living cell. It separates hydrogen peroxide (squander item) into water and oxygen. 2H? O? 2H2O+O2 As anticipated, the chemical catalase action would be the most elevated at 37c ? (Ideal temp. )whenever expanded to 60c ? at that point the chemical would be denatured and whenever diminished to 10c ? (extremely low temp. ) then the response would be moderate. Factors: Dependent: Height of oxygen bubbles (cm) utilizing a ruler. Free: Temperature (10c ? , 37c ? , 60c ? ) utilizing three diverse water showers each changed in accordance with a particular temp . Controlled: 1.Number of potato solid shapes: 3 3D squares of potatoes were utilized in every preliminary at ea ch extraordinary temp. Whenever changed, regardless of whether reduction or increment, at that point the quantity of proteins (dynamic site) accessible would change, accordingly influencing the pace of the response. 2. Size of potato 3D shapes with measurements 1cmx1cmx1. 5cm . This is constrained by cutting all potato shapes with same measurements utilizing a ruler and a shaper. Whenever changed, at that point this would influence the pace of compound action, thusly influencing the outcomes. 3. Volume of hydrogen peroxide: 15cm3 of hydrogen peroxide was estimated utilizing graduated chamber for every preliminary at various temp.If changed then the pace of chemical movement would change, along these lines results won’t be precise. 4. Centralization of hydrogen peroxide: 2% of hydrogen peroxide was utilized through all preliminaries this is set up by adding 20cm3 of H2o2 to 1000cm3 of water. Whenever transformed it would influence the pace of compound action since substrate fi xation is one of the variables that influence chemical action. 5. Volume of fluid cleanser: 2drops of fluid cleanser were added to each test tube all through the test. Whenever changed, at that point this will influence the tallness of oxygen bubbles estimated cm3 along these lines the outcomes won’t be precise. . Time: time was recorded for 2 minutes; whenever changed this will influence the outcomes. Materials: * 27 3D shapes of potato each with measurements 1cmx1cmx1. 5cm. * 15cm3 of 2% hydrogen peroxide for every preliminary. * 9 test tubes * Water acclimated to (60c ? ,37c ? &10c ? including ice) * 2drops of fluid cleanser in each test tube * Cutter * Ruler * 100cm3 graduated chamber * Stopwatch * 1000cm3 volumetric carafe * 50cm3 measuring glass Procedure: 1. Utilize the shaper, and ruler to cut 27 solid shapes of potato with measurements 1cmx1cmx1. 5cm 2. Change the water shower temp one at 60c ? , the other one at 37c ? amp; last one at 10c ? including ice. 3. Spo t 3 potato 3D squares in every one of the three test tubes put at 10c ?. 4. Leave the test tubes at 10c ? for 10min. 5. Include 2 drops of cleanser for each test tube. 6. Measure 15cm3 of 2% hydrogen peroxide for each test tube utilizing graduated chamber. 7. Add 15cm3 of 2% H2o2 to each test tube, and quickly start the stop watch recording time for 2 min. 8. After 2 min precisely, utilize the ruler to quantify the stature of oxygen bubbles (cm). 9. Rehash stages 3 to 8 at an alternate temp (60c ? ,70c ? ). 10. Record all information in a sorted out table. Handling and Presenting Data: Table (1): Shows the tallness of oxygen bubbles created (cm) at various temp. (C ? ) TemperatureC ?  ± 0. 05| Height of oxygen bubbles delivered following 2 minutes (cm)| | Trial 1| Trial 2| Trial 3| 10. 00| 2. 00| 6. 00| 2. 00| 37. 00| 3. 00| 4. 50| 1. 50| 60. 00| 3. 00| 2. 00| 2. 00| Table (2): Shows mean stature in (cm) for oxygen bubbles  ± 0. 05 and volume of oxygen bubbles (cm3)â ±0. 05 at various temp (C ? ) Temperature C ?  ± 0. 05| Mean tallness (cm) for oxygen bubbles  ± 0. 05| Volume of mean tallness of oxygen bubbles cm3 0. 05| 10. 0| 3. 33| 16. 34| 37. 00| 4. 86| 23. 84| 60. 00| 2. 06| 10. 11| * Sample computations 10c ? 1. Mean stature of oxygen rises in cm. T1+T2+T33= 2+6+23= 3. 33cm 2. Volume of oxygen bubbles cm3 Volume of chamber: ? r2xh 3. 14x (1. 25)2ãâ€"3. 33=16. 34cm3 Discussion: As appeared in table (2) as temperature expanded from 10c ? to 37c ? , the mean tallness in cm of oxygen bubbles expanded from 3. 33cm to 4. 86cm. Aa temperature increment from 37c ? to 60c ? the mean tallness cm of oxygen bubbles diminished from 4. 86cm to 2. 06cm. Reffering to the table (2) and chart , as temp. ncreased from 10c ? to 37c ? the volume of oxygen bubbles (cm3) expanded from 16. 34cm3 to 23. 84cm3. As temp expanded from 37c ? to 60c ? the volume of oxygen bubbles delivered (cm3) diminished from 23. 84cm3 to 10. 11cm3. Every protein has an ideal temp. at whi ch the pace of catalyst action is the most elevated. Over the ideal temp the dynamic vitality of particles increments in this manner the crashes between the dynamic site and the substrate increment and thus the catalyst would lose its 3D structure and dynamic site and the protein would be denatured.This is appeared in the diagram, as the volume of oxygen bubbles cm3 diminished from 23. 84cm3 to 10. 11cm3 at 60c ?. Underneath the ideal temp the motor vitality of particles diminishes ,along these lines the crashes decline and the chemical would back off and the pace of vitality diminishes as it’s appeared in table (2) the volume of oxygen bubble decline from 37c ? to 10c ?. As indicated by our outcomes in table (2) and chart, the ideal temp was 37c ? at which pace of compound catalase action was the most noteworthy as the most elevated volume of oxygen bubbles was created 23. 84cm3.The outcomes acquired coordinated the theory which expressed that 37c ? is the ideal temp for com pound catalase to break hydrogen peroxide which is a harmful item into water and oxygen. Assessment and Improvements: 1. Size of potato 3D shapes . Potato shapes were cut into solid shapes of measurements 1cmx1cmx1. 5cm utilizing a ruler and a sharp edge which was a wellspring of blunder since all solid shapes fluctuate somewhat in size which implies the centralization of catalase catalyst is unique. A potato shaper that cut the potato into equivalent sizes . 2. Tallness of oxygen bubbles estimated by a ruler. This was off base method.Volume could be estimated rather in tallness utilizing gas Syringe which will give increasingly exact outcomes 3. Volume of cleanser. 2 drops of cleanser were estimated utilizing a dropper. A pipette can be utilized which will give increasingly exact outcomes. Done BY: JIHAN AL-BUKHARI 9A â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€ [ 1 ]. [ (Jones, 2009) ] [ 2 ]. â€Å"Introduction to Enzymes. †Ã‚ Factors Affectin g Enzyme Activity (). N. p. , n. d. Web. 16 Nov. 2012. . [ 3 ]. â€Å"Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity. †Ã‚ Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity. N. p. , n. d. Web. 16 Nov. 2012. .

Funding your education at SIPA part 3 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Funding your education at SIPA part 3 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Applying for Financial Aid â€" Spring 2013 Applicants Applying for financial aid doesn’t involve too many steps.   If you are applying for Spring 2013 admission, you will need to complete the 2012/13 Free Application for Federal Student Aid, commonly known as the FAFSA.   To do so, go to www.fafsa.gov.   This universal aid application is used at just about every college in the United States and even some in other countries where American students can receive aid.   The information collected on the FAFSA will be used by the SIPA Financial Aid Office to determine your eligibility for student loans available from the federal government and possible work study jobs. When you complete the FAFSA, you designate the recipient school by using a 6-digit code number specific to the school.   Columbia’s school code is 002707. If you completed the FAFSA as an undergraduate, you’ll be familiar with the process, although as a graduate student, no parental information is necessary.   All graduate students are automatically considered to be financially independent.   If you have a PIN number that you used as an undergraduate, use the same one.   If have never completed a FAFSA before, you will need a PIN in order to complete the FAFSA; you must go to www.pin.ed.gov, which is linked from www.fafsa.gov. Do not wait until you have received an admission decision to complete your FAFSA.   While there is no absolute deadline approaching, you should complete the FAFSA as soon as possible; we recommend that you do so by November 1 for a timely review.   Also be aware that this is an annual form, and you will need to complete the 2013/14 FAFSA for the following fall and spring semesters; you should do that after completing your 2012 federal income tax return next April. And please…especially if you are completing the FAFSA for the first time, it can be confusing.   If you have any questions or need any assistance, contact us at 212-854-6216 or email us at sipa_finaid@columbia.edu. Note: Don’t complete a FAFSA if you are an international student; it is only used to determine eligibility for student loans and Work Study available to US citizens, permanent residents and political refugees. If you are applying for Fall 2013 admission, complete the FAFSA for the 2013/14 academic year after January 1; we recommend that you do so by March 1.   We will post a reminder for Fall 2013 applicants as the time to complete your FAFSA approaches.

How to Conjugate the Verb Comprare in Italian

Some definitions of â€Å"comprare† include, to buy, and to purchase. What to Know About â€Å"Comprare†: It’s a regular verb, so it follows the typical -are verb ending patternIt’s a transitive verb, so it takes a direct object.The infinito is â€Å"comprare†.The participio passato is â€Å"comprato†.The gerund form is â€Å"comprando†.The past gerund form is â€Å"avendo comprato†. Indicativo/Indicative Il presente io compro noi compriamo tu compri voi comprate lui, lei, Lei compra essi, Loro comprano Esempi Oggi compro un po’ di pane ed un etto di prosciutto. - Today I’m buying a bit of bread and an ounce of prosciutto. Il passato prossimo io ho comprato noi abbiamo comprato tu hai comprato voi avete comprato lui, lei, Lei, ha comprato essi, Loro hanno comprato Esempi Hai appena comprato un regalo per Stefano? - Have you already bought a gift for Stefano? L’imperfetto io compravo noi compravamo tu compravi voi compravate lui, lei, Lei comprava essi, Loro compravano Esempi Ogni sabato, compravo un gelato alla fragola. - Every Saturday, I bought a strawberry gelato. Il trapassato prossimo io avevo comprato noi avevamo comprato tu avevi comprato voi avevate comprato lui, lei, Lei aveva comprato essi, Loro avevano comprato Esempi Ti ricordi il libro di grammatica che avevi comprato due anni fa? L’ho ritrovato! - Do you remember the grammar that you bought two years ago? I found it! Il passato remoto io comprai noi comprammo tu comprasti voi compraste lui, lei, Lei compr essi, Loro comprarono Esempi Comprà ² delle bottiglie di vino. - He bought some bottles of wine. Il trapassato remoto io ebbi comprato noi avemmo comprato tu avesti comprato voi aveste comprato lui, lei, Lei ebbe comprato essi, Loro ebbero comprato TIP: This tense is rarely used, so don’t worry too much about mastering it. You’ll find it in very sophisticated writing. Il futuro semplice io comprer noi compreremo tu comprerai voi comprerete lui, lei, Lei comprer essi, Loro compreranno Esempi Comprerà ² una casa in Toscana!   - I will buy a house in Tuscany. Il futuro anteriore io avr comprato noi avremo comprato tu avrai comprato voi avrete comprato lui, lei, Lei avr comprato essi, Loro avranno comprato Esempi Avrà   comprato una nuova macchina! - He must have bought a new car! Congiuntivo/Subjunctive Il presente che io compri che noi compriamo che tu compri che voi compriate che lui, lei, Lei compri che essi, Loro comprino Esempi Preferisco che tu compri i girasoli invece dei mughetti. - I prefer that you buy the sunflowers instead of the lilies. Il passato io abbia comprato noi abbiamo comprato tu abbia comprato voi abbiate comprato lui, lei, Lei abbia comprato essi, Loro abbiano comprato Esempi Spero che abbiate comprato abbastanza vino per la festa. - I hope that you all bought enough wine for the party. L’imperfetto io comprassi noi comprassimo tu comprassi voi compraste lui, lei, Lei comprasse essi, Loro comprassero Esempi Era strano che lei non comprasse i libri per il corso. - It was strange that she didn’t buy the books for the course. Il trapassato prossimo io avessi comprato noi avessimo comprato tu avessi comprato voi aveste comprato lui, lei, Lei avesse comprato essi, Loro avessero comprato Esempi Pensavo che tu avessi già   comprato l’anello! - I thought you had already bought the ring! Condizionale/Conditional Il presente io comprerei noi compreremmo tu compreresti voi comprereste lui, lei, Lei comprerebbe essi, Loro comprerebbero Esempi: Comprerei tutto in questo negozio! - I would buy everything in this shop! Il passato io avrei comprato noi avremmo comprato tu avresti comprato voi avreste comprato lui, lei, Lei avrebbe comprato essi, Loro avrebbero comprato Se non ti dicevo che ero allergica,   avresti comprato le rose rosse vero? - If I didn’t tell you I was allergic, you would have bought the red roses, right?

Argumentative essay for and/or against keeping animals in zoos.

Zoos: Natural Alternative? The word â€Å"zoo† was introduced in the 19th century and first served as an abbreviation of the word combination â€Å"zoological garden† – the collection of different species of animals taken from the nature. They were created on the basis of many reasons: research making, education, conservation and recreation. In general, zoos are seen as some sort of alternative to a natural environment for the animals. Let’s find out if it’s true by means of examining the pros and cons of the zoos. It is an important debate whether animals should be kept in the zoos or not. Some say that it is necessary to capture them in order to protect from poachers. Regarding all the efforts to kill animals for ivory, skins and medical aims, zoo is quite a safe place for them. In contrast to this, it is necessary to note that animals have their natural rights and once they are put into cages these rights are broken. It is known that there are zoos where workers treat animals very cruelly. Fortunately, day by day all the zoos become more and more improved and it wouldn’t be fair to close all the zoos because of the mistakes of some of them. But no matter how good the conditions of the place where animals are kept are, they are still suffering because of the fact that their natural behavior is limited by zoo’s walls. We can endlessly discuss the issues of zoos. Surely, it is important to take measures to study, protect and preserve endangered species, but it is important to do it without making animals suffer during the process. In my opinion, zoos will never be an alternative to the natural environment no matter how high the quality of the life conditions in there may be.

Project Management †the Importance of the Planning Process Free Essays

An individual assignment under the topic: „Project Management – the Importance of the Planning Processâ€Å" Teacher: Maria do Sacramento Basilio Student: 2012 Beja Content Content2 Introduction4 Project Management5 The Life Cycles of Projects7 PLANNING PROCESS8 Project Plan Elements11 Project Control13 Project Termination14 Conclusion16 Literature17 Introduction Each organization‘s activity in its own way contributes to organization‘s goals. It is not always easy to assess the impact of the work or the decision to achieve these objectives in the context of a complex organization of activities. Common to assume that what unites all the organizations processes to the general population and focus their efforts on a defined term direction, is a strategy. We will write a custom essay sample on Project Management – the Importance of the Planning Process or any similar topic only for you Order Now Project work is one of the extraordinary management forms. Each project is progressing to a certain stage, which is called the project life cycle. Despite the widely different names can be said that all projects are characterized by four main phases: initiation, planning, realization, finishing. An object of the Project: the planning process. The aim: to analize the essential part of Project life cycle – planning process. My essay will consists of two parts. In the first part I am going to introduce the Project Management and Project Life Cycle, in the second part of the project I will analyse the planning process and will make a conclussion about it‘s importance. Project Management In order to understand project management, one must begin with definition of a project. A project can be considered to be any series of activities and tasks that: * Have a specific objective to be completed within certain specifications * Have defined start and end dates * Have funding limits Consume resources (money, people, equipment) Project management, on the other hand, involves project planning ant project monitoring and includes such items as: Project planning: * Definition of work requirements * Definition of quantity and quality work * Definition of resources needed Project monitoring: * Tracking progress * Comparing actual outcome to predicted outcome * Analyzing impact * Making adjustments Successful proje ct management can then be defined as having achieved the project objectives: * Within time * Within cost * At the desired performance/technology level While utilizing the assigned resources effectively and efficiently * Accepted by the customer The potential benefits from project management are: * Identification of functional responsibilities to ensure that all activities are accounted for, regardless of personal turnover * Minimizing the need for continuous reporting * Identification of time limits for scheduling * Identification of methodology for trade-off analysis * Measurement of accomplishment against plans * Early identification of problems so that corrective action may follow * Improved estimating capability for future planning Knowing when objectives cannot be met or will be exceeded Unfortunately, the benefits cannot be achieved without overcoming obstacles such as: * Project complexity * Customer’s special requirements * Organizational restructuring * Project risks * Changes in technology * Forward planning and picking Project management can mean different things to different people. Quite often, misunderstand the concept because they have ongoing projects within their company and feel that they are using project management to control these activities. In such a case, the following might be considered an appropriate definition: Project management is the art of creating the illusion that any outcome is the result of a series of predetermined, deliberate acts when, in fact, it was dumb luck. Although this might be the way that some companies are running their projects, this is not project management. Project management is designed to make better use of existing resources by getting work to flow horizontally as well as vertically within the company. This approach does not really destroy the vertical, bureaucratic flow of work but simply requires that line organizations talk to another horizontally so work will be accomplished more smoothly throughout the organization. The vertical flow of work is still the responsibility of the line managers. The horizontal flow of work is the responsibility of the project managers, and their primary effort is to communicate and coordinate activities horizontally between the line organizations. The following would be an overview definition of project management: Project management is the planning, organizing, directing, and controlling of company resources for a relatively short-term objective that has been established to complete specific goals and objectives. Furthermore, project management utilizes the systems approach to management by having functional personnel (the vertical hierarchy) assigned to a specific project (the horizontal hierarchy). The above definition requires further comment. Classical management is usually considered to have five functions or principles: * Planning Organizing * Staffing * Controlling * Directing In the above definition, the staffing function has been omitted. This was intentional because the project manager does not staff the project. Staffing is line responsibility. The project manager has the rigt to request specific resources, but the final decision of what resources will be committed rests with the line managers. Talking about the me aning by a â€Å"relatively† short-term project, not all industries have the same definition for a short-term project. In engineering, the project might be for six months or two years; in construction, three to five years; in nuclear components, ten years; and in insurance, two weeks. Long-term projects, which consume resources full-time, are usually set up as a separate division (if large enough) or simply as a line organization. The Life Cycles of Projects All organisms have a life cycle. They born, grow, wane, and die. This is true for all living things, for stars and planets, for the products we buy and sell, for our organizations, and for our projects as well. A project’s life cycle measures projects completion as a function of either time (schedule) or resources (budget). This is life cycle must be understood because the PM’s managerial focus subtly shifts at different stages of the cycle. During the early stages, the PM must make sure that the project plan really reflects the wishes of the client as well as the abilities of the project team and is designed to be consistent with the goals and objectives of the parent firm. As the project goes into the implementation stage of its life cycle, the PM’s attention turns to the job of keeping the project on budget nd schedule – or, when chance interferes with progress, to negotiating the appropriate trade-offs to correct or minimize the damage. At the end of the project, the PM turns into a â€Å"fuss-budget† to assure that the specifications of the project are truly met, handling all the details of closing out the books on the project, making sure there are n o loose ends, and that every â€Å"i† is dotted and â€Å"t† crossed. Many projects are like building a house. A house-building project starts slowly with a lot of discussion and planning. Then construction begins and progress rapid. When the house is built, but not finished inside, progress appears to slow down and it seemingly takes forever to paint everything, to finish all the trim, and to assemble and install the built-in appliances. Progress is slow-fast-slow, as shown in figure: It used to be thought that S-shaped curve of figure represented the life cycle for all projects. While this is true of many projects, there are important exceptions. This is about the project that approaches completion by a very different route that the tradidtional S-curve, as shown in this figure: To make a conclusion of the topic about product life cycle, there are two different paths (life cycles) along which projects progress from start to completion. One is S-shaped and the other is J-shaped. It is an important distinction because identifying the different life cycles helps the PM to focus attention on appropriate matters to ensure successful project completion. PLANNING PROCESS The most important responsibilities of a project manager are planning, integrating and executing plans. Almost all projects, because of their relatively short duration and often prioritized control of resources, require formal, detailed planning. The integration of a planning activities is necessary because each functional unit may develop its own planning documentation with little regard for other functional units. Planning, in general, can be best described as the function of selecting the enterprise objectives and establishing the policies, procedures, and programs necessary for achieving them. Planning in a project environment may be described as establishing a predetermined course of action within forecasted environment. The project’s requirements set the major milestones, and the line managers hope that they can meet them. If the line manager connot commint because the milestones are perceived as unrealistic, the project manager may have to develop alternatives, one of which may be to move the milestones. Upper-level management must become involved in the selection of alternatives during the planning stage. Planning is, of course, decision making, since it involves choosing among alternatives. Planning is a required management function to facilitate the comprehension of complex problems involving interacting factors. The project manager is the key to successful project planning. It is desirable that the project manager be involved from project conception through execution. Project planning must be systematic, flexible enough to handle unique activities, disciplined through reviews and controls, and capable of accepting multifunctional inputs. Successful project managers realize that project planning is an iterative process and must be performed throughout the life of the project. One of the objectives of project planning is to completely define all work required (possibly through the development of a documented project plan) so that will be readily identifiable to each project participant. This is necessity in a project environment because: * If the task is well understood prior to being performed, much of the work can be preplanned. * If the tas is not understood, the during the actual task execution more knowledge is gained that, in turn, leads to changes in resource allocations, schedules, and priorities. * The more uncertain the task, the greater the amount of information that must be processed in order to ensure effective performance. Without proper planning, programs and projects can start off â€Å"behind the eight ball† because of poorly defined requirements during the initial planning phase. Below is a list of the typical consequences of poor planning: * Project initiation * Wild enthusiasm * Disillusionment * Chaos * Search for the guilty * Punishment of the innocent * Promotion of the nonparticipants * Definition of the requirements Obviously, the definition of the requirements should have been the first step. There are four basic reasons for project planning: * To eliminate or reduce uncertainty * To improve efficiency of the operation * To obtain a better understanding of the objectives * To provide a basis for monitoring and controlling work Planning is decision making based upon futurity. It is a continuous process of making entrepreneurial decisions with an eye to the future, and methodically organizing the effort needed to carry out these decisions. Furthermore, systematic planning allows an organization of set goals. The alternative to systematic planning is decision making based on history. This generally results in reactive management leading to crisis management, conflics management, and fire fighting. Effective total program planning cannot be accomplished unless all of the necessary information becomes available ant project initation. These information requirements are: * The statement of work (SOW) The project specifications * The milestone schedule * The work breakdown structure (WBS) The statement of work (SOW) is a narrative description of the work to be accomplished. It includes the objectives of the project, a brief description of the work, the funding constraint if one exists, and the specifications and schedule. The schedule is a â€Å"gross† sc hedule and includes such things as the: * Start date * End date * Major milestones * Written reports The last major item is the work breakdown structure. The WBS is the breaking down of the statement of work into smaller elements so that better isibility and control will be obtained. Project Plan Elements The project master plan should contain nine elements: a project overview, a statement of objectives, a description of the technical and managerial approaches to the work, all contractual agreements, schedules of activities, a list of resource requirements or a project budget, personnel requirements, project evaluation methods, and preparations to meet potential problems. These are the elements that constitute the project plan and the basis for a more detailed planning of the budgets, schedules, work plan and general management of the project. Once this basic plan is fully developed and approved, it is disseminated to all interested parties. I would like to describe each element. * Overview. This is a short summary of the objectives and scope of the project. It is directed to top management and contains a statement of the goals of the project, a brief explanation of their relationship to the firm’s objectives, a description of the managerial structure that will be used for the project, and a list of the major milestones in the project schedule. * Objectives. This contains a more detailed statement of the general goals noted in the overview section. The statement should include profit and competitive aims as well as technical goals. * General approach. This section describes both the managerial and the technical approaches to the work. The technical discussion describes the relationship of the project to available technologies. For example, it might note that this project is an extension of work done by the company for an earlier project. The subsection on the managerial approach takes note of any deviation from routine procedure – for instance, the use of subcontractors for some parts of the work. * Contractual aspects. This critical section of the plan includes a complete list and description of all reporting requirements, customer-supplied resources, liaison arrangements, advisory committees, project review and cancellation procedures, proprierty requirements, any specific management agreements, as well as the technical deliverables and their specifications, delivery schedules, and a specific procedure for changing any of the above. Completeness is a necessity in this section. If in doubt about whether an item should be included or not, the wise planner will include it. * Schedules. This section outlines the various schedules and lists all milestone events. The estimated time for each task should be obtained from those who will do the work. The project master schedule is constructed from these inputs. The responsible person or department head should sign off on the final, agreed-on schedule. * Resources. There are two primary aspects to this section. The first is the budget. Both capital and expense requirements are detailed by task, which makes that a project budget. One-time costs are separated from recurring project costs. Second, cost monitoring and control procedures should be described. In addition to the usual routine elements, the monitoring and control procedures must be designed to cover special resource requirements for the project, such as special machines, test equipment, laboratory usage or construction, logistics, field facilities, and special materials. * Personnel. This section list the expected personnel requirements of the project. Special skills, types of training needed, possible recruiting problems, legal or policy restrictions on work force composition, and any other special requirements, such as security clearances, should be noted here. It is helpful to time-phase personnel needs to the project schedule. This makes clear when the various types of contributors are needed and in what numbers. These projections are an important element of the budget, so the personnel, schedule, and resources sections can be cross-checked with one another to ensure consistency. * Evaluation Methods. Every project should be evaluated against standards and by methods established at the project’s inception. This section contains a brief description of the procedure to be followed in monitoring, collecting, storing, and evaluating the history of the project. Potential Problems. Sometimes it is difficult to convince planners to make a serious attempt to anticipate potential difficulties. One or more such possible disasters such as subcontractor default, technical failure, strikes, bad weather, sudden required breakthroughs, critical sequences of tasks, tight deadlines, resource limitations, complex coordination requirements, insuffici ent authority in some areas, and new, complex, or unfamiliar tasks are certain to occur. The only uncertainties are which ones will occur and when. In fact, the timing of these disasters is not random. There are times, conditions, and events in the life of every project when progress depeneds on subcontractors, or the weather, or coordination, or resource availability, and plans to deal with unfavorable contingencies should be developed early in the project’s life cycle. Some PMs disdain this section of the plan on the grounds that crises cannot be predicted. Further, they claim to be very effective firefighters. It is quite possible that when one finds such a PM, one has discovered an arsonist. No amount of current planning can solve the current crisis, but preplanning may avert some. Project Control The two fundamental objectives of control are: 1. The regulation of results through the alteration of activities. 2. The stewardship of organizational assets. Most discussions of the control function are focused on regulation. Physical Asset Control Physical asset control requires control of the use of physical assets. It is concerned with assets maintenance, whether preventive or corrective. At issue also is the timing of maintenance or replacement as well as the quality of maintenance. Physical inventory, whether equipment or material, must also be controlled. It must be received, inspected, and possibly stored prior to use. Records of all incoming shipments must be carefully validated so that payment to suppliers must also be applied to suppliers from inside the organization. Even such details as the project library, project coffee maker, project room furniture, and all the other minor bits and pieces must be counted, maintained, and conserved. Human Resource Control Stewardship of human resources requires controlling and maintaining the growth and development of people. Projects provide particulary fertile ground for cultivating people. Because projects are unique, differing one from another in many ways, it is possible for people working on projects to gain a wide range of experience in a reasonably short time. Measurement of physical resource conservation is accomplished through the familiar audit procedures. The measurement of human resource conservation is familiar audit procedures. The measurement of human resource conservation is far more difficult. Such devices as employee appraisals, personnel performance indices, and screening methods for appointment, promotion, and retention are not particularly satisfactory devices for ensuring that the conservation function is being properly handled. The accounting profession has worked for some years on the development of human resource accounting, and while the effort has produces some interesting ideas, human resource accounting is not well accepted by the accounting profession. Financial Resource Control Though accountants have not succeeded in developing acceptable methods for human resource accounting, their work on techniques for the conservation of financial resources has most certainly resulted in excellent tools for financial control. This is the best developed for the basic areas needing control. It is difficult to separate the control mechanisms aimed at conservation of financial resources from those resources from those focused on regulating resource use. Most financial controls do both. Capital investment controls work to conserve the organization’s assets by insisting that certain conditions be met before capital can be expended, and those same conditions usually regulate the use of capital to achieve the organization goal of a high return on investments. The techniques of financial control, both conservation and regulation, are well known. They include current assets controls, and project budgets as well as capital investment controls. These controls are exercised through a series of analyses and audits conducted by the accounting function for the most part. Project Termination As it must to all things, project termination comes to every project. At times, project death is quick and clean, but more often it is a long process. The process of termination is never easy, always complicated, and, as much as we might wish to avoid it, almost always inevitable. The problem is how to accomplish one of the several levels of what is meant by project termination with a minimum of trouble and administrative dislocation. A project can be terminated in one of four ways: * by extinction * addition * integration * starvation y Extinction: * The project has successfully completed scope and the client has accepted it. * It has been superseded by the external developments like technological advancement, market crisis etc * It has failed to achieve it’s goal. * It has no longer support from the Senior Management. It is also sometimes referred to as â€Å"termination by murderâ€Å". The important point to notice is that all project activity ceases in this kind of termination. by Addition: * The project is a major success. It becomes the formal part of the parent organization. The transition or   transfer of the resources such as the project personnel, materials and equipment to the newly created unit within the parent   organization. by Integration: * The project is successfully completed. The   project product is integrated to the operations of the client. This is the most common mode and most complex operation. The resources are   released   and   disturbuted in the parent organization. by Starvation: * The project is terminated by budget decrement. * It is also known as   withdrawal of â€Å"life support†. The reason of this termination is generally to shadow the failure of non-accomplishment of the goals. This can save face of the senior management and avoid embarrassment. The Project Final Report incorporates the process knowledge gained from the Project. In addition to preservation of Project records, the Final Report embodies the experience from which we learn. It should include: Project performance comments, administrative performance comments, organizational structure comments, personnel suggestions, possibly a confidential section. Conclusion Project planning is probably the most time-consuming project management activity. Project planning continues from the initial idea through to the system delivery. Plans must be regulary updated using the new available information. There are many techniques for developing a project plan. They are fundamentally similar. All of them use a systematic analysis to identify and list the things that must be undertaken in order to achieve the project‘s abjectives, to test and validate the plan and to deliver it to user. Planning is an essential function in the success of any project. Planning does not refer simply to pulling out a calendar and recording things to do on random dates. Planning is all about actively plotting a course to meeting goals. Goals are really the start of any discussion about planning in a successful project. Literature 1. Harold Kerzner „Project Management. A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controllingâ€Å" sixth edition 2. Samuel J. Mantel Jr. Jack R. Meredith, Scott M. Shafer, Margaret M. Sutton „Project Management in Practiseâ€Å" second edition 3. Jack R. Meredith, Samuel J. Mantel „Project Management. A Managerial approachâ€Å" third edition 4. V. Buda, A. Chmieliauskas „Projektu valdymasâ€Å" 2006 How to cite Project Management – the Importance of the Planning Process, Essays

Literature in English free essay sample

There is some knowledge of the text applied to the task and there is a clear understanding of how the writer’s choices shape meaning – for example in considering the language of Prospero as ‘hard and strong’. However this is not developed into analysis nor does the essay move beyond the candidate’s generalised opinions. The focus though is on the ‘portrayal’ and there is a partial awareness of the dramatic methods: Ariel’s reaction influences the way the audience sees Prospero for example. The reference to King Alonso hints at a wider knowledge of the text, but crucially here the candidate does not give a context for the passage nor is there any placing of the passage in terms of characterisation and plot. This limits the development of the essay to a series of thoughts and opinions which are partly repetitive and though these are clearly expressed if simple, there is little sense of an argument or a view unfolding here and the essay remains assertive in tone. We will write a custom essay sample on Literature in English or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Opinions are offered on for example different views of Prospero but these are not rooted in the language or dialogue sufficiently to be evidence of discrimination. The literary features noticed such as Ariel’s ‘smooth, poetic lines’ are not analysed and the effects are merely asserted. Paying close attention to language and dialogue, write a critical appreciation of the following passage, showing what it contributes to your understanding of Fanny’s role and characterisation. (Chapter 15: ‘ â€Å"Fanny,† cried Tom Bertram†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦considering who and what she is. †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢) The Austen essay, also on the passage, is somewhat weaker, mainly because there are fewer points relevantly made, though once again the essay is focused on the task. There is less evidence of the wider knowledge of the text and the simple ideas on Fanny’s position in the Bertram household are neither developed nor fully supported. Again the absence of any contextualisation or placing of the passage hinders the development and the subtlety of Austen’s dialogue and language is not considered. For example, Aunt Norris’s comment is seen only in the way it shows Fanny’s position and there is no comment on what it reveals about Mrs Norris and Fanny’s role in the novel as the method through which Austen reveals the hypocrisy and wickedness perhaps of Mrs Norris. This is characterised by the candidate as ‘distant, tense and cold’ because of the ‘hasty marriage’. But there is no more detailed context offered, so that the Mousetrap is ignored and the refused chance to murder the praying Claudius. There is some sense of exploring the language – the references to ‘you’ and ‘thou’ and the effect of the repetitions by Hamlet – but these do not develop into analysis of the effects. The candidate does offer other opinions on the relationship – what Gertrude is ‘scared of’ for example but these are not structured into an argument. The oedipal interpretation is mentioned but not linked to this passage very effectively and though there is a sense of the wider text at times there is no clear explanation of why this passage is significant in terms of either the relationship or the characterisation or the development of the plot. Overall this is a strong Band 4 essay – quite detailed and aware of some of the literary features, but not able to develop a structured argument or showing much engagement with the subtlety of the language here or even with the dramatic nature of the events unfolding. Discuss Dickens’s presentation of schools and ideas about education in Hard Times. The Dickens essay is an option (a) essay and presents a competently organised response to the task. Relevant knowledge has been selected and shaped to the task with a sound overview offered in the opening paragraph on which the candidate builds with close reference to the text, focusing on Gradgrind himself with an apposite quotation and a neat link to the ‘factories of Coketown’. To develop the views offered the candidate discusses Bitzer in contrast to Louisa and sees the effect of the use of the ‘fire’ and the concept of ‘wonder’, thus showing sound understanding of Dickens’s methods and how meaning is created for the reader. The second part of the essay in focusing on ‘fancy’ and Sleary’s circus is a less obvious choice of material for this task but is successfully adapted to the task by concentrating on Sissy and her inability to adapt to the Gradgrind system.